F. Dürr, H. Renner, Analytical Design of X-Couplers J. Lightwave Technol. 23(2), pp. 876-885 (2005)
Abstract: Symmetric X-couplers are analyzed using the supermode approach. Constraints for lossless propagation are presented. A simple analytic approximation for the total accumulated phase difference of the supermodes is found that enables the calculation of the coupling ratio of arbitrary symmetric X-couplers. Good agreement is found between results obtained with the proposed method and data calculated using a beam-propagation method. The impact of several design parameters on the coupling ratio is discussed. Due to the simplicity of the structure, X-couplers are well suited for being realized by direct light-writing techniques.
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